RUNWAY EXCURSIONS

A thin layer of water lifts the aircraft tyres off the runway surface, causing a total loss of directional control and braking

Strong, gusty crosswinds or unexpected tailwinds exceed aircraft handling limits or push the plane sideways upon touchdown. [1, 2, 3]

Fog, heavy rain, or fluctuating low-visibility conditions impair the pilot’s visual alignment with the centerline.

Standing water, ice, snow, or slush drastically reduce tire friction and braking efficiency.

Approaching the runway too high, too fast, or at an improper descent angle leads to long touchdowns.

Continuing a compromised or unstable landing attempt instead of executing a missed approach.

Delayed deployment of spoilers, thrust reversers, or wheel brakes.

Using wrong aircraft weight, incorrect wind data, or mismatched runway surface conditions to compute stopping distances.

Trying to abort a takeoff past the critical decision speed (V₁) or failing to react quickly enough below V₁.

Malfunctioning anti-skid systems, anti-lock brakes, or ground spoilers that prevent effective deceleration.

Loss of power or asymmetric thrust deployment during critical rollout phases.

Mechanical failure preventing proper directional guidance during high-speed ground rolls